Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Failure Criticality of Massive
battery thermal runaway behaviors and assess the fire hazards under low pressure (Chen et al., 2019b, 2019a, 2017; Fu et al., 2018; Q. Liu et al., 2020; H. Wang et al., 2020a; Xie et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c). The measured heat release rate of battery fire and the mass loss rate of cells showed the weaker battery fire and jet flame under