A quantitative method for early-stage detection of the internal
Therefore, in the long term, we have the following relationship for each cell j ∈ [1, N] in the pack (1) i ̄ bal, j + i ̄ chg + i ̄ leak, j = 0 where N is the total number of the cells in the pack, i bal, j is the balancing current of cell j, and i chg refers to the charging current in the float-charging conditions, which is the same for all series-connected cells in the pack, i leak